Carbon storage regulator A (CsrA) plays a central role in coordinating carbohydrate metabolism. In E. coli, it adjusts the intracellular balance of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by promoting the production of pyruvate kinase (PykF) and inhibiting the synthesis of both PEP carboxykinase (PckA) and PEP synthase (PpsA). Through this regulatory scheme, CsrA directly influences the key enzymatic steps governing PEP turnover [342].