Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the lower intestine and widely used as a model organism and microbial cell factory for biotechnological applications [358,360].

Its fast growth [350], facultatively aerobic metabolism [356], well-developed genetic tools, and amenability to pathway refactoring make it an established host for metabolic engineering and high-yield production of non-native chemicals [353].