• an oxidized electron donor + γ-butyrobetainyl-CoA ↔ a reduced electron donor + crotonobetainyl-CoA (R917)
  • Silencing
    • Genome
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆caiA ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆caiA
• γ-butyrobetainyl-CoA + crotono-betaine ↔ γ-butyrobetaine + crotonobetainyl-CoA (R00831)
  • Overexpression
    • Genome
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆caiA ∆pcai cai-p37
• coenzyme A + crotono-betaine + ATP → crotonobetainyl-CoA + diphosphate + AMP (R00838)
  • Overexpression
    • Genome
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆caiA ∆pcai cai-p37
• γ-butyrobetaine + coenzyme A + ATP → γ-butyrobetainyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate (R00839)
  • Overexpression
    • Genome
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆caiA ∆pcai cai-p37
• L-carnitinyl-CoA ↔ H₂O + crotonobetainyl-CoA (R919)
  • Overexpression
    • Genome
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆caiA ∆pcai cai-p37
• L-carnitine + γ-butyrobetaine → L-carnitine + γ-butyrobetaine (R00840)
  • Overexpression
    • Genome
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆pcai cai-p37
      • Escherichia coli BW25113 ∆aceK ∆caiA ∆pcai cai-p37